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Transcript

Peter Zelinski, Additive Manufacturing
Additive manufacturing will change what parts are possible! I'm Pete Zelinski 

Stephanie Hendrixson, Additive Manufacturing  
And I'm Stephanie Hendrixson with additivemanufacturing.media. Welcome to The Cool Parts Show! This is our new series where we talk about cool parts 3d printed by viewers like you. So Pete you have a part here to help us get kicked off. 

Peter Zelinski  
I have a way cool part! So Stephanie you know how one of the promises of additive manufacturing is internal features? 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
Sure lattices, conformal cooling, that kind of thing. 

Peter Zelinski  
Right. So now think internal objects. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
like sensors?

Peter Zelinski  
Yeah. But take it even farther. Imagine a solid part with a complete working motor embedded inside. That's what this is. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
Sounds like a pretty cool part. But what is it? 

Peter Zelinski  
It is a cool part! This is a rocket fuel injector, designed by TGV. Fuel injector, mixing fuel and oxidizer during the rocket launch, usually a solid part. This one uses that motor that's inside to precisely control this pentil, controlling the openings of these orifices changing the mix of fuel and oxidizer in flight. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
So this looks pretty solid, and you're saying there's a motor embedded in there. How do you get the motor in there and not damage it with metal 3d printing? 

Peter Zelinski  
This was made using a solid state additive manufacturing process. There was no melting involved, there was no high heat, the motor was never in danger. This was made through ultrasonic additive manufacturing. It was made by Fabrisonic, Mark Norfolk, CEO of Fabrisonic describes the process. 

Mark Norfolk, Fabrisonic 
So ultrasonic additive manufacturing is a type of 3d printing for metals. UAM is little bit different in that we're taking thin foils of metal on the order of five to 10 thousandths of an inch. And we're welding those together using ultrasound. The secret sauce there is we're not actually melting anything. This is all happening at room temperature. This part right here never got above about 200 F. So the lowest temperature on your oven at home, that's as hot as we ever get. Metals really like to stick to other metals. And if you take two pieces of metal here on Earth, they are always covered with an oxide layer. So if I take this sheet and I fold it over and I try to press it down, it doesn't bond. But with ultrasound, we can actually scrub away that oxide layer and put virgin metal on virgin metal. So what we do is we fold over the foil onto the material we want to bond and we roll over that with what we call an ultrasonic welder. As it rolls over, it's vibrating this sheet back and forth on the order of 20,000 times a second. That vibration actually scrubs off any impurities any oils and most importantly scrubs off the oxide layer. As soon as you have virgin metal touching virgin metal, mother nature takes over and you get a solid state bond. 

Peter Zelinski  
So what really struck me and captivated me about that is the oxide layer. Every metal part in the world is basically wrapped in saran wrap. If you do ultrasonic scrubbing, to get that saran wrap off, like metals want to bond with like metals, they want to mush together, and just that mutual mushing is enough to make a solid part. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
Yeah, and so through that process, you're able to build things like this without damaging the motors or sensors or anything else that you might want to embed inside. Okay, so if fuel injectors are usually this static thing, why would you want to put a motor inside of one? 

Peter Zelinski  
Yeah, so if it's just a static fixed part, then you get one mix of fuel and oxidizer. This one gives you a variety of different mixes that you can control. It now becomes possible to throttle up, throttle down the mix of fuel as the rocket is launching, according to a programmed path to get exactly the thrust profile that you want for the launch. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
So why would you 3D print something like this? Couldn't you just assemble it? 

Peter Zelinski  
Yeah, you could. So that's kind of the way you ought to do it right is this is in different parts, you drop the motor in there, bolt it together, and it's held in place. The problem is, what TGV decided, there is no way to get a tight enough assembly to absolutely guarantee you won't get unintended mixing of the fluids. The only way to keep those fluids separate, keep the streams apart, is a completely solid seamless part. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
Alright, so one more question for you. All of this seems to be the same material except for this band right here. What is this?

Peter Zelinski  
That's right. This is all aluminum except that band is copper. Another ability of this process, ultrasonic additive manufacturing, it makes building with dissimilar materials in the same part pretty easy. Mark Norfolk also had something to say about that. 

Mark Norfolk  
Another interesting feature is we can print dissimilar metals. So if you look at the device, you'll actually see a thin ring a copper and that's actually acting as a seal. By printing that softer material in a very specific location that allows us to seal one fluid from the other very easily. Other things that we're looking at for future versions of this is actually stiffening that structure with some embedded embedded wires so that we can actually take out some mass. By adding high strength wires inside the aluminum matrix, we can get a much higher strength which allows us to shrink the wall thickness, if you will, which will hopefully allow for weight savings as well. 

Stephanie Hendrixson  
Alright, so to recap, this is a 3d printed fuel injector made with ultrasonic additive manufacturing. That process allows for a motor to be embedded inside, which controls this pintil on the top, which allows you to change the amount of fuel that's coming through and throttle your engine.

Peter Zelinski  
So I think that's a wrap. That was our first episode of The Cool Parts Show. Tell us about your cool parts! Please email us coolparts@additivemanufacturing.media. Thank you for watching. Don't forget to subscribe.